Socialism and Irish Nationalism :: essays research papers

The 1913 Lockout was the culmination of several years of political organisation and agitation among the unskilled working class, carried out primarily through the Irish Transport Workers Union. The ITGWU had been founded by Larkin in 1909 specifically as a union of the unskilled, long deemed 'unorganisable' by the official trade union movement. The open militancy of the ITGWU was a new departure in the history of the Irish trade union movement and the organisation grew rapidly, from 4,000 members in 1911 to 10,000 by 1913. The ITGWU quickly came up against determined resistance from employers, the police and the British state. However some of the most vitriolic abuse and opposition to this manifestation of the independent organisation of the working class was expressed by Irish nationalist organisations, not only the official Irish Parliamentary (Home Rule) Party but also by the more 'radical' Sinn Fein movement led by Arthur Griffith. While James Connolly declared the indivisibility of the of the struggle for Irish independence from the fight for socialism he was essentially a lone voice whose ideology, based on the application of Marxist principles to the Irish situation, was a radical break from the previous two centuries of Irish nationalism which had laid the foundations for the collection of political beliefs that still dominate the discussion on the 'National Question'. Irish nationalism, as it developed in the 19th and early 20th centuries was an eclectic mixture of aspects of various political doctrines, not necessarily of Irish origin, which were gradually amalgamated in different forms by the groups who adopted a policy of Irish independence. In the 1890-1910 period at least four main nationalist organisations existed, these being the Irish Parliamentary Party, Sinn Fein, the Irish Republican Brotherhood and the Ancient Order of Hibernians. Around these a series organisations, some officially 'non political' had emerged such as the Gaelic Athletic Association, the Gaelic League and a number of bodies promoting cultural expression and the Gaelic revival. The genesis of what can be broadly termed as Irish Nationalism emerged from the ideals of the United Irishmen and the failed rebellion of 1798. All of the above organisations active in the early 20th Century claimed a heritage that stemmed from the radical ideas propounded by Wolfe Tone and his supporters in the 1790's, Sinn Fein and the IRB more so than the Irish Parliamentary Party or the Ancient Order of Hibernians.

Botany-Passive Transport Answers Essay

Substances necessary for normal growth and development of plants must continually be transported into cells while metabolic wastes must be eliminated so that they won’t accumulate inside the cells. For instance, water as well as mineral salts from the soil solution enter root cells while carbon dioxide and oxygen through tiny pores known as stomata in leaves and lenticels in stem. Excess oxygen not utilized during cell respiration as well as oxygen produced during photosynthesis is released to the atmosphere. In most cases, movement of these substances is along a concentration gradient, that is, from regions of greater concentration to regions of less concentration. Such type of transport is known as passive transport. Diffusion is a type of transport which is concerned with the movement of solute particles. Aside from concentration gradient, factors affecting the rate of diffusion include the temperature, size of diffusing molecules and presence of other molecules aside from the diffusing one. Osmosis, on the other hand, is another type of passive transport, which is involved in the movement of solvent (e.g. water) through a semi-permeable membrane. In osmosis, the presence of a differentially permeable membrane as well as differences in the concentration of the medium and the intracellular substance (i.e. cell sap) are factors to consider in determining the direction of water flow. (madel, dito gawa k ng visuals na puede,.. kung aong maisip mo di ko nga alam kung ano puede ndin ilgay †¦. Ano kaya gagamitin ntin? Naka-acetate oh sa manila paper kaw n bhala..;) Now the walls of these cells are made of a stuff a bit like a really fine netting that will let water through but not salt (a partially permiable membrane). Now water and salt prefer being mixed together than seperated, and water will move through the cell wall towards whichever side is the saltiest, this is called osmosis. This means that because outside is saltier the water leaves the cells, so the cells empty, and like a half full bag of water, go all floppy so the whole lettuce leaf goes floppy Now if you put the leaf in fresh water there are more salts in the leaf than in the water, so water will move back into the cells making them blow up like balloons again and become all strong and rigid. So if you have some old limp Lettuce soaking it in water for a while for a while will make it go crisp again. -The leaf in the salt water would be dehydrated, as its internal osmotic pressure would make water from the leaf seep through the cellular membranes. -it’s osmosis. the cells in the leaf are permeable to water but not salt,so if you immerse the leaf in salt water the cell will absorb water trying to balance the osmotic pressure .if you put the leaf in fresh water the cells will dump water,the salt water will cause the cells to absorb too much water and they will burst,the fresh water leaf will dehydrate and wrinkle,i think i got it right but don’t quote me. -Your talking about tonicity, the salt solution is hypertonic and would pull fluid from the plasmodesmata in the plant cells†¦the plain water being relatively isotonic would have little loss of fluid depending on where you live in the country and if you used tap water or bottled. Its the same concept of cellular dehydration and water toxicity in human cells.

Identify Strategic Options and Produce a Strategic Plan for an Organisation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2115 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Identify strategic options and produce a strategic plan for an organisation INTRODUCTION Contact Energy is New Zealand electricity generator and was established in 1996. the headquarter of the company is in wellington, New Zealand. Contact Energy is second of the countrys largest electricity and gas retailers, serving about 23 per cent of New Zealands retail market. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Identify Strategic Options and Produce a Strategic Plan for an Organisation" essay for you Create order This is New Zealand owned Power Company. Contact Energy has 1160 employees in New Zealand and supply power to New Zealand homes and business across the country. Contact Energy is generating 10% energy of the total production of power in New Zealand. Our company committed to offering their customers a good range of services that make managing their power needs as easy and convenient as possible. In 2008, due to financial crisis it lost the 40,000 customers in six months that is 10% of the total customers. On that time the company was lost the profit by half. Contact Energy has 12 stations all over the New Zealand. In Clyde and Roxburgh the power generation are based on hydroelectric fuel and the stations which are in Ohaaki, poihipi, Te Huka, TE Mihi and Wairakei are based on geothermal fuel and Otahuhu B, Stratford,Te Rapa are based on the Gas fuels, Whirinaki station is based on the diesel fuel. Identify a strategic option for an organisation. Three proposed organizat ional goals for the strategic plan: GOALS To increase the number of sales from 23 to 26 for every sales representative in every week. To reduce the customer complaints to 50% every month, we are getting 250 to 300 complaints every four weeks. To increase the number of sales employee from 100 to 120 in a four weeks. Stakeholders Owners Owners need is to explore the business and to beat ever company in a whole power market. Managers Every manager want more and more sales from their employees every week. Employees Employees need more commission on every sale. Customers Every customer wants electricity at cheaper rates. 2. Identify at least three strategic options through results of an environmental analysis that are consistent with the organisations purpose, direction and values. Strategy for Increase the number of sales- To enlarge the sale we make better displays and by giving promotion using electronic media. In this way we can easily attract our con sumers to buy our service which results in increasing number of sales. Strategy for reducing customer complaints When we provide our service, after some time mainly customer complaints of our high-priced facility and after observing complaints we change their service plan to cheapest plan according to the requirements of customer in this way we can overcome the customer complaints. Presently we are giving $45 welcome discount on first bill to our customer and we can increase this discount from $45 to $50 on first bill. Strategy for increasing the number of sales employee Presently we have 110 sales employee in our organisation and we want to increase this number from 110 to 125 in a four weeks. We give $40 for one power connection to our sales employee and we can increase this rate by $44 to attract more sales employee for our organisation. SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT is an acronym for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. The SWOT analysis is an extremely useful too l for understanding and decision-making for all sorts of situations in Contact Energy. Strengths and Weaknesses give us the information about the internal environment and the situation inside our organization. Opportunities and Threats provide us the information about the external environment and the situation outside our company. Strength: Contact Energy relations with our customers continue to go from strength to strength: We have built positive relationships within the community and with social agencies. We can provide collaborative assistance to our customers who at times struggle to manage their energy budget. Weakness: Weakness of our organisation is that we got many complaints regarding bills. Sometimes we will charge bill for a customer for 36 days instead of one month and second reason for complaints is changing in service plan after certain period of time. Opportunity: An analysis of the power industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s opportunities identifies features outside t he industry. These features are representative of areas outside the control of the industry. For example, the power industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s opportunities may include lifted bans on off-shore drilling; increased tax incentives for energy-efficient automobiles, newly laid natural gas pipelines and the seasonal increase in the number of days of sunlight. Threats: There is very big competition in a market between power companies. Genesis energy, Meridian energy are the other power companies and these are also big threats for our companies. But the main competitor of Contact Energy is the mercury Energy 3. Two most feasible options: Cost Benefits Risks Increase the number of sales This can be done with the help of displaying posters, Banners and also through websites and T.V advertisement and every week company spend $50,000 on advertisement. Currently our organisation earns $250,000 every week and by advertisement, we are able to increase our weekly sales from $5,000 to $6,000. The big risk is money and time spending on these advertisements by our marketing department. Time spend is 35 to 40 hours per week and money spend is $50,000 every week. Reducing customer complaints To lessen the customer complaints for our costly service we change the plan of customer to cheaper plan plus adding some more welcome discount from $50 to $55 and also we give full authority to our customer to give reading of their meter by self and then we charge the bill according to that reading which is provided by the customer and in this way we can reduce the customer complaints. By providing cheaper plan to the customer we are able to decrease our customer complaints from 300 to 120. We are able to solve 60% customer complaints. The main risk in this is when we give full authority to our customer to give reading of their meter by self, and then there is risk of giving wrong meter reading by customer to our department. We are rising out discount from $50 to $55 means $5 extra for customers having complaints. We want to decrease complaints from 300 to 120 every month. For 120 customers the cost is $600 in a month. This is not big cost for us because we have a margin in every sale and we are more in maintaining kindness with our old customer. 4. Preferred strategic option My strategic option for the organisation is to increase the number of sales. Organisational purpose: Organisational purpose of our company is to increase the number of sales and to attract more and more customer by providing power at cheaper rates. We are giving $50 discount to every customer who buys our service and another way to attract people towards our service is to provide the good stuff that people do everyday. When we take the discounts to the customers we see after that our sale is increased. Organisational direction: To attract customer our organisation give surplus to every customer depending upon profit of our organisation every year. To achieve our goal of sales we have to attract customer towards our service. In this year our organisation got a profit of $4 million and our company give $330 to every customer. Another way to give good direction to our organisation is to provide good quality of service. We launch GEM for our customers to save energy. The Good Energy Monitor(GEM) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a suite of online tools that help put you in control of your homeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s power usage by giving you the information you need to track how and when you use power. Organisational values: Our organisation has partnership with Hikurangi Foundation. Hikurangi Foundation funding $1.27 million over the two years Our organisation give best price to the members of these companies as no other power companies can give best price then Contact energy. Contact energy also announces support from kiwi enterprises. Part à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"B Following are the necessary actions required to implement the preferred strategic option: Resources: To increase the number of sales and to do this we need to display posters, banners and also through websites and T.V advertisement. There are following resources required: Financial Resources To achieve our goal we require $50,000 every week to advertising which results in to increase in sales. We can provide combined assistance to our customers who at times struggle to manage their energy budget which in results helps in making loyal customers. From this strength we can also collect some financial help from our customer as reliable customer makes business strong. Human Resources We also need staff to makes more sales in a day. Means in other words we have to hire 20 sales representative in a month and one representative should sign up at least 4 sales for which we have to give training to our staff to make them more potential to work in a power market. We need $600 for one sales representative in a month which also includes training. Physical Resources We also need IT systems which helps in building striking flyers and T.V advertisement and for that we have to spend money on advertisement. We need $50000p.a to spend on these resources so that we can achieve our objective. Intangible Resources As we know Contact Energy has many power stations of hydro energy which generate power from renewable and non-renewable sources of energy. These qualities make Contact Energy a good power brand in a market. Critical outcomes: These include the goals that are most important to achieve for our organisation and the outcomes after achieving our target. Critical: The most important thing for our company is to increase profit which can be done by achieving our target of $6,000 in a week. Outcome: With the help of my strategy our organisation is achieving his goal and we are able to increase our weekly sales from $5,000 to $6,000. In this year our company earn a profit of $4 million and our company give $330 to every customer. Timescales and MilestoneTo attain this target of increasing sales our organisation need one month time. To hire more sales employee and to provide iPod to each sales employee so that our organisation can achieve goal of increasing sales. What needs to be done à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" To give our company a profit in a month which can be done to increase number of sales and for which we need to hire a staff, give them training so that they can do well in field. When We have to achieve this target of sales in one month and after that we should need to complete this target in every month. Who à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" All the sales manager, sales representative and IT department. These are the main entities to be contributing in our strategic plan. Week1- I discuss my strategy with my business manager to increase sales and my manager organise a meeting with our other employee and discuss this strategy after that Our company released advertisement in a local newspaper to hire 20 sales representative in a week.. Week2- Company appoint all the staff and take their interview after that training is given to all the sales representative about the price and planning of all the deals to sign up with customers. Week 3- Our IT department deals with iPod process and they buy 20 iPodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for our new sales representative and done all the programming of iPodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for our new staff. Week 4- Our IT department again give them training for how to operate iPod while signing up with customers. And in fifth week all the representative reported in the field to stat their work. In a next month we are able to achieved our target of sales Contingency planning: If my strategy doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t work then I have an alternative strategy to achieve the goal, which is to hire more experienced sales representative because we donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t need to provide training to our experienced staff and for this we have attractive plan for our sales representative. Currently our company give $50 commission for one sale and we need to increase rate of one sale from $50 to $55. In this way we can easily attract more sales employees towards our company. In this way we can maintain our goal in a definite time period. Documented and authorised From the beginning of my strategy I discuss with my department manager about to increase in sales and profit of the company. And after that we discuss my strategy with the whole department and also notice the comments of the employers towards my strategy. Then we survey about the whole cost and also I tell about employees which we have to hire. Then we approach to our store manager for this new strategy and discuss about the strategy with him to increase about the sales and profit. After this discussion I take a document to my store manager for the approval. References: www.contactenergy.co.nz www.google.com www.wiki.org

Outline Of An Article And The Internet For Giving Me

Acknowledgments Although I have put full effort into this report, I still want to thank my family, friends and colleges for supporting me, guiding me and the constant supervision. I want to thank my professor Sana El-Azzeh for giving me the opportunity to do this amazing report. I also want to thank the authors that wrote the articles and the internet for providing me the accessibility to complete this report. Yassen Nateil Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 LISTS OF FIGURES AND TABLES 3 ABSTRACT 4 1.0 INTRODUCTION 5 2.0 BACKGROUND 6 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 7 3.1 Environmental Issues in North Carolina 7 3.2 Environmental Sensitivities 7 3.3 The Project Explanation and Characteristics 7 3.4 The Project Objectives 8 3.5 The†¦show more content†¦This data was gathered by research done on the internet. 1.0 Introduction The purpose of this report is to give a general background and information on Apple Corporation and their usage of renewable energy sources on and also will cover and talk about the solar design and biomass. This report was prepared by Yassen Nateil and was requested by Mrs. Sana Azzeh and has been requested on the 22nd of February and is due the 15th of March 2015. The information in this report has been gathered from internet sources. 2.0 Background Buildings are one of the world’s leading carbon dioxide emitters. Carbon dioxide is released into the earth everyday by modern technology and buildings caused by the using of fossil fuels to generate energy. Using renewable energy sources have a few several advantages, ranging from lower fuel bills, to cleaner air and less global warming are just some of the benefits. Some good design can actually reduce CO2 emissions and energy bills by almost two thirds. If there was a blackout in the city, you would still have electricity. Also you could sell electricity back to the grid at the premium if you have extra. The two types of renewable energy sources used are solar electricity and biomass fuel. The solar electricity is made when the rays of the sun shine directly onto the solar photo voltaic panels and convert that sunlight into electricity. Biomass generates energy by burning organic

Project Proposal Nike Inc. - 1354 Words

Project Deliverable 1: Project Plan Inception Nike, Inc. is a corporation that specializes in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and sales of footwear. Nike, Inc. was founded by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight. The current Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is Mark Parker. The company headquarters is in Beaverton, Oregon. The company headquarters will be expanding soon and will contain two additional floors. Currently, there are twenty employees and four out of the twenty employees handle the IT part of the corporation. Nike operates domestically and has connections overseas. Majority of the shoes are manufactured by an independent contractor that is located overseas. Nike is identified by its Swoosh logo. Consistent innovation†¦show more content†¦Using this approach allows Nike to benefit from the advantages of offshoring and outsourcing. Offshoring lowers costs and results in higher productivity. Outsourcing offers labor flexibility and increases competitive adva ntage (Kate, n.d.). China is a leader on the manufacturing side and India is a leader when it comes to information technology services (Kate, n.d.). â€Å"In the past decade and a half of increasing globalization, offshoring has been the fastest growing segment of the outsourcing market (Kate, n.d.)†. There are four skilled information systems personnel at Nike, Inc. including the Chief Information Officer (CIO), Director of Data and Analytics, Expert Database Architect, and Principal Security Reference Architect. The Chief Information Officer (CIO) is Jathea Darden. The job of a CIO is to lead Nike, Inc.’s information technology plan to support the company’s growth. The CIO also oversees computer operations, manages the IT staff, establishes policies and procedures for the IT division, and proposes hardware or software solutions to accomplish the corporation s business objectives (â€Å"Chief Information†, n.d.). The Director of Data and Analytics is Lor i Alexander. The Director of Data and Analytics contributes to the future business solutions that will support Nike’s objectives. Lori has experience working with SaaS solutions, building workflow and productivityShow MoreRelatedNike Case1074 Words   |  5 PagesEstimating the cost of Capital 1. Capital Budgeting decisions It is important for a company to know whether a particular investment would be profitable in the long run. If the company knows the cost of capital it can accept or reject investment proposals by calculating the present values of the future cash flows. The company would most likely not invest if the cost of borrowing is greater then the returns generated from the investment. 2. Determining the ideal capital structure By calculating theRead MorePrep Question988 Words   |  4 Pagescredit. Decide if it is a good idea to repurchase stocks. Preparatory Questions for Southwest Airlines Winglet Project 1. 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“Time Is Equal to Money” of Supply Chain Management Free Essays

Discuss the statement â€Å"Time is equal to money† within the context of supply chain management for both manufacturing and retail organisations. There is no such thing as constant. Everything in this world evolves, even strategic performance measures. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Time Is Equal to Money† of Supply Chain Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now An organisation must be open to the idea that some measures changes over time. Organisations must research on different approaches to be at par with the changes on the systems. Business organisations today particularly the manufacturing and retail organisations operate in a turbulent and dynamic business environment.The contemporary business environment is undergoing a metamorphosis as rapid technological innovations, competitive markets, diverse customer preferences, and extensive global operations prevail in it because of the value of time. For them time is equal to money. To ensure continuous operation and survival in today’s rigid business environment, a business firm has to be open to change and improvement. Business processes, services, products and operations should be consistently subject to evaluation and refinement. The norm is to deliver quality products and services while maintaining flexible and effective operations.One of the most vital aspects of a business operation is the management of the supply chain. The supply chain comprises of the coordinated arrangement of manpower, technology, and production processes that transforms raw materials into tangible products or services. The supply chain is the overall process that determines how business firms secure materials, exploit people, utilise machines, and follow business processes to develop specific products and services for the satisfaction of consumers. This business operation is crucial as any defect in one area can render adverse impacts to the others.Thus, management of the supply chain entails strategies and constant monitoring to ensure its consistency to deliver outputs to the customers at the most convenient time. Time is valuable to any business organisations since it corresponds to satisfaction of clients and business progress. Satisfaction and progress reflects to the money earned by the organisation. In manufacturing and retail organisations, time is very vital. In manufacturing business, let say in food industry, products should be delivered in appropriate time to avoid food expiration that may possibly results to failed transaction and loss of money.The needs of the supply chain demand the efficient and speedy movement of goods to the end user with enhanced levels of service. Increasingly, this entails the customisation of goods and services according to the requirements of individual clients. In order to maintain their competitiveness, all parties involved in the process, including manufacturers, vendors and logistics providers, must be able to offer and provide a swift and individually customised service to value time and money. In retail business, time is also important because of continues changes in the demand of the consumers. The retail businesses should learn how to cope up to the current trend and time in business to have more profit. Retail businesses should consider the changes in business arena. They should know the competition, position in the market value of money and time. A certain business has to improve the flexibility of its supply chain network and coordination among the various entities involved in the process. Coordination and flexibility go hand in hand because a company that has well-aligned supply chain operations is guaranteed total flexibility.A business has to plan its supply chain operation in advance to minimise wasted transactions. (2007) reports that the pursuit of supply chain flexibility is by designing a supply chain model. A supply chain model requires the company to determine the kinds of strategies and amount of time to suffice current customer needs. In this approach the business has to analyse and understand customer and stakeholder expectations in order to conceptualise the supply chain requirements and costs involved in each.Today, with these reasons, time management has increasing prominent to the success of any company. From the challenges in both manufacturing and retail industry, appropriate time management maybe used in order to maintain product traceable and avoidance of product expiration. Every business organisation is determined to know what kind of work they would and would not do for their customers and, in turn, they carefully learn how to fulfil the needs of each kind of customer in their target markets.Thus, they should emphasised the idea to take advantage of the competitive situation not just by being better in how that product gets sold, serviced, and marketed at the customer in terface. It requires that the business industry creates breakthroughs in how they interact with customers, and design a way of interacting that makes an indelible impression on customers, one that so utterly distinguishes them from others that it becomes a brand in itself. How to cite â€Å"Time Is Equal to Money† of Supply Chain Management, Essays

Hopewell Culture Essay Example For Students

Hopewell Culture Essay Studiedsince the discovery of the conspicuous mounds in Ross County Ohio, the Hopewellhave been an archaeological enigma to many. The tradition is so named for theowner of the farm, Captain Hopewell, where over thirty mounds were discovered. Earlier studies focused more on the exotic grave goods such as precious metals,freshwater pearls, many of these objects had come from all corners of thecontinent from the Rocky Mountains to the Gulf of Mexico, and north to themid-Atlantic coastline (some say Hopewellian influence reached Nova Scotia). Earlier scholars of the Hopewell (1950s through 1960s) were well aware ofthe influence of the Interaction Sphere, yet concluded that the Hopewell,in terms of lifestyle were a cult and had no influence on daily life. Laterstudies suggest otherwise, as more and more information surfaces along with newinsightful interpretations. It is widely accepted that the Hopewell are thenext generation of the Adena. That is to say that the Adena gave rise tothe Hopewell, who had, as speculated migrated into the Ohio River Valley fromIllinois. The Hopewell have been described as a more elaborate and flamboyantversion of the Adena. Whether the Hopewell overpowered the Adena or simplymingled with and mixed into the culture, is not certain, yet there has been noevidence of warfare to support the former. The result was a cultural explosionencompassing a vast majority of North America east of the Rocky Mountains to theAtlantic coast. The Hopewell flourished in the Middle Woodland from 200 B.C. toAD 500. The environment was nearly what it is today. Temperate with lakes,streams, wetlands and flood-plains, the people took advantage of the seasonalweather in the Ohio River Valley via foraging as well as hunting and gathering. The cultivation of domestic strains of beans and maize was well on its way as itwas implemented in small amounts, catching on later in the time period. Thevegetation was a prairie/forest mix of deciduous trees, walnut, oak, variousgrasses and shrub. The fauna of the region included many species of waterfowl,turkey and other species in great abundance that are found today (perhaps inmore abundance than found today). Larger fauna included buffalo, bison, deer,and elk and smaller animals such as rodents, raccoons, beaver and the like. Aquatic life included freshwater mussels and clams, many fishes (bass, catfish,etc.) and turtles. As we will see, the people made abundant use of these floraand fauna as food, clothing, container, ceremonial and ornamental objects. Asfor changes through time in the environment, it is theorized (by some) that itdid in fact shift to a wetter one, perhaps driving the people to higher groundor otherwise drier climates. Core settlement, as noted was along the Ohio Riverand its estuaries on flood-plains, as well as on or near wetlands. Major areasof population density include Newark and Chillicothe as well as Marietta. Theseareas provided a lush environment of flora and fauna species that were widelyexploited over the centuries by the inhabitants. Living quarters, althoughscarcely studied, consist of scatterings of small villages with largersettlements located near and around major mound complexes. Some of these smallervillages seem to have been occupied seasonally while settlement was mor e thanlikely permanent in the larger loci surrounding the mounds. Some dwellings havebeen found to consist of saplings stuck into the ground in a circle, broughttogether in the center and covered with elm bark or mats of woven grasses. Postmolds from various areas in Ohio and Illinois indicate oval patterns as well asrectangular long-houses with rounded corners. Larger houses ranged from 18 to 25feet long and one was as large as 4448 feet, suggesting a large gatheringplace, perhaps for trading, council meetings or ceremonial practices. The dressof the people reflected their beliefs, trading practices and even wealth. Ornaments were worn head to foot. Womens hair were pinned back with dowels ofwood or bone in a bun or knot and a long sort of ponytail. When nursing, womenwore their hair braided and tied up in a shorter ponytail that was held togetherby a mesh or net-like bag. Typical male hairstyle was a sort of mohawk on topwith their hair pulled back into a bun in the back. As for male dress, a warriorwore a loincloth of dyed material with patterns on it (resembling a diaper; forlack of better description). He carried a long spear, an atl-atl, wearingvarious necklaces of bone, shell and stone beads including bear claws, sharktooth and other exotic items. The closest that these ancient north Americanscame to an iron age is revealed in their use of copper as breast plates andhelmets in warfare. Members of both sexes wore earspools (yo-yo shaped earrings)of copper as well as bracelets and necklaces. Mica was cut and shaped intovarious ornaments for headdresses in the form of animals, birds of prey t alons,geometric figures, human hand, and bear claw. Mica would be integrated intoclothing and on garments that would sparkle and reflect light, somewhat likesequins. Not much more is known about dress, due to the fact that textilesdeteriorate rapidly in the archaeological record. Very little is known of socialand political customs; ideas being drawn from ethnographic analogy (of Iroquois,the possible descendants) as well as being pieced together from archaeologicalcontexts. More than likely the people operated under matrilineal kinship. Theylived in long-houses dominated by the oldest female member of the family andwhen a couple was married, the husband would move into the wives house andbecome a part of their social unit. These new husbands had very little if anysay in household matters. The children belonged to or were affiliated withtheir mothers family, the males owing allegiance to that unit. There were,however male chiefs who represented households and villages in tribal affai rs. Evidence for hereditary monarchy is briefly described from a report in the1950s. It documents that a number of skeletons found in some mound structureshad a rare physical trait. This trait was a bony growth in the ear that wasgenetically transmitted. Peoples found to harbor this growth were found inassociation with vast riches of pearls, beads, precious metals, large amounts ofmica and the like, quite possibly the inbred mark of royalty within atribe or tribes. The subsistence base of the Hopewell consisted of hunting,gathering and to a lesser extent cultivation of local plant species, dependingupon where they lived. Hunting was done primarily with spears and projectilepoints, with the Indians making use of an instrument called and atl-atl. Onewould attach a spear to the atl-atl and hurl it at the target, the implementproviding not only a more powerful throw, but giving the spear a more finelytuned trajectory. Also used at this time were the bow and arrow, a big step intechnological innovation at the time. This is evident in the archaeologicalrecord with the finding of smaller projectile points such as the SquibnocketTriangle. As for throwing spears, larger projectile points were used, resemblingthe Jacks Reef Corner Notched, broad knife blades and corner notchedprojectile points being preferred as well as being typical of the Hopewell. Role Of Airplanes In World War II EssayThe lend-ees would then be obligated to the Big Man, perhaps having towork harder to pay back the favor. This, along with burial customs is theoverall effect of the Hopewell interaction sphere facilitating the so-calledBig Idea. It was a philosophy, a way of life be it not all encompassing inthe lives of distant trade partners, yet affecting them through ritualceremonialism (in some areas as evidenced by presences of mounds) andtrade-good manufacture. This dispersal reached Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin,Iowa, Missouri, New York, the Northeast and eastern Rocky Mountain states andinto the deep south. The best-known aspects of the Hopewell are their ceremonialand burial practices centering on earthworks and burial mounds. Earthworksincluded animal effigy mounds (coinciding with animal platform pipes. Correlation?), geometric shapes, and a particular recent find, the GreatHopewell Road. Found in Ohio, it runs from Newark to Chillicothe, in a straightline through swamps and streams, thought to be a spiritual or pilgrimage route,rather than one of trading. Burial mounds were usually enclosed by a raisedembankment, symbolizing a sacred place. Earthworks were found in conjunctionwith burial mounds, near burial mounds or even distances away, some taking uphundreds of acres. The great Serpent Mound is a good example, yet isthought of as Adena. As for mortuary customs, three quarters of the bodies hadbeen cremated, full fleshed burial was probably a privilege of higher rankedindividuals, they were buried in full flexed position. Structures called CharnelHouses were erected where the dead were de-fleshed and then taken for cremation. First, brush was cleared from the burial area, including trees and topsoil. Claywas then lain down and then an inch of sand that was compacted. A large woodenstructure (some with no roofs, possibly to expose flesh to the elements forremoval) was built, sometimes with smaller rooms inside to accommodate others orextra grave goods and furniture. Cremations were done in clay lined pits duginto the floor after the bodies had been stripped of flesh and left there orplaced inside the log cabin structure. They were then surrounded by high-qualitygrave goods mentioned above, artisans or craftsmen being interred with largeamounts of their medium of specialty or trade including pearls, mica andobsidian. One mound was found with 12,000 pearls, 35,000 pearl beads, 20,000shell beads, nuggets of copper, meteoric iron, silver, sheets of hammered goldand copper, and iron beads. These houses were left standing or were burnt downand then covered with a mound taking up to and including one million bask et-fullsof earth. This was done periodically, layering burial on top of burial, perhapsindicating lineage, that it was that clans mound. Some of the skeletons hadcopper noses affixed to their skulls (nasal cavities). The mounds were probablyreserved for those in high status positions, sizes ranging from ten to fiftyfeet high and larger. The number of these earthworks in Ohio alone reaches10,000, however, many have been lost in this and other areas due to plowing anderosion. The Hopewell decline is as much a mystery as its origins and practices. The Hopewell exchange systems seem to have deteriorated around AD 500;Moundbuilding ceased, art forms were no longer produced. War and mass murder isunlikely, for there is no evidence for fighting (none even during the era). Perhaps it was the decimation of big-game herds of buffalo, deer and elk due tothe technology of the bow and arrow. Support for this theory lies in thedisappearance of atl-atl weights around the same time as the collapse. This, inconjunction with colder climatic conditions could have driven the animals northor west, as weather would have a detrimental effect on plant-life, drasticallycutting the subsistence base for these foods. Along with this, food productionof maize and other hardier plants would have been more important than tradingexotic goods. Another theory suggests that they eventually dispersed for unknownreasons, moving perhaps south, integrating with the Mississippian culture or tothe northeast, lending to the ancestral Iroquois theory. Whatever the case maybe, the Hopewell have left their indelible mark on Ancient Native North AmericanCulture in a way Archaeologists and Historians have never encountered. BibliographyFagan, Brian M. Ancient North America 1995 (revised) Thames and Hudson Ltd.,London. Jennings, Jesse D. Prehistory of North America 1968 McGraw-Hill Inc.,New York. Spencer, Robert F. / Jesse D. Jennings The Native Americans (secondedition) 1977 Harper and Row, Publishers, New York. Ceram, C.W. The FirstAmerican 1971 Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., New York Recent Fieldwork atHopewell Culture National Historic Park www.nps.gov/hocu/recent%20fieldwork.htmHome Page for Jackson, Jennifer M. www.ucsu.colorado.edu/~jacksoj/ Archaeology:Woodland 3: Hopewell www.uiowa.edu/~anthro/webcourse/naarch/hopewell.htmResearch finds Hopewell Indians were in park www.wcinet.com/th/News/010398/Front/90294.htmWoodland Period www.uiowa.edu/~osa/cultural/wood.htm